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Wednesday, 11 January 2017

Kidney Cancer

Kidney cancer is a malignant tumour developed from the kidney cells. Malignant kidney tumours account for 2-5% of malignant cancers in adults. Men are affected twice as often as women. 
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The cause of kidney cancer is unknown, however, some genetic factors and damages of the kidney cell DNA caused by e.g. cigarette smoking, mutagens or environmental factors are taken into consideration. It is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 45, however, recently, the reduction of the age limit of people who are diagnosed with kidney cancer have been observed, which is affected by the growth of influence of the environmental carcinogenic factors, as well as the spread and constant improvement of diagnosing possibilities.

Cancers constitute 85% of kidney tumours. There are many types of kidney cancer. The most common type is a renal cell cancer. Kidney cancer is very dangerous mainly due to the fact that its symptoms occur in a late stage. It can cause the late detection of the tumour change - often in an advanced developing stage. Kidney cancer often develops in a tricky way without causing any disturbing symptoms.

Early detection and correct diagnosis of the ill person require performing some or all the types of examination mentioned below. 

Diagnostic tests which allow to make a diagnosis include: urine test, blood test (morphology, concentration of urea's creatinine), and imaging tests: ultrasound scan of the abdomen, computed tomography scan, alternatively urography (x-ray examination of the ureters after injecting intravenous dye), renal arteriography (the blood vessels examination using dye). 

Magnetic resonance imaging is sometimes used. A kidney biopsy, that is removing cells from the tumour and examining under a microscope whether the tumour contains the tumour cells is not usually performed. Currently, over 80% of kidney cancers are detected incidentally, usually due to an ultrasound scan performed as a standard procedure or due to other ailments. Therefore, advanced cancers of kidney parenchyma rarely occur (they constitute >15%).

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Tuesday, 10 January 2017

Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer is cancer that forms in the tissue that lines the uterus. 
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The uterus is a small, pear-shaped organ that is located in the lower pelvic area of a woman. The uterus is the organ in a woman’s body where a baby grows.


Science is making progress and learning more about the causes of endometrial cancer. Scientists are exploring new ways to prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat the disease. Research has helped to improve patients’ quality of life and decrease the chance of dying from endometrial cancer – and more progress is being made all the time.

There are several benign conditions of the uterus that often cause great fear in women:
Fibroids: Fibroids do not develop into cancer.

 They grow in the muscle of the uterus. Most often fibroids occur in women who are in their 40s. Fibroids usually just disappear after menopause.


Endometriosis: This is a condition in which endometrial tissue begins to grow on the outside of the uterus and on nearby organs. It most often occurs in women in their 30s and 40s who have never been pregnant. Endometriosis can cause a great many problems, but cancer isn’t one of them.
Endometrial hyperplasia: Heavy menstrual periods, bleeding between periods, and bleeding after menopause are the most common symptoms of hyperplasia. Endometrial hyperplasia is not cancer, but it can develop into cancer.

All problems associated with the uterus are not cancer – the odds are that when you experience problems, it is NOT cancer.










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Monday, 9 January 2017

Esophageal Cancer

There are two types of esophageal cancer, depending on the type of cells that are malignant. The first type is found in the lining of the esophagus which is made up of flat, thin cells called squamous cells. Squamous cell carcinoma arise in these squamous cells and usually occurs in the upper and middle part of the esophagus.

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The other type is called Adenocarcinoma and usually develops at the bottom of the esophagus that are lined with columnar cells.

Esophageal cancer starts in the esophagus but it can develop outside the esophageal wall and spread to other body parts such as bones, lungs, liver and brain through the lymphatic system.

What Lifestyles Trigger Esophageal Cancers?

While squamous cell carcinoma is related to alcohol and any kind of tobacco use, adenocarcinoma is more related to gastroesophageal reflux disease. The development of adenocarcinoma from Barrett's esophagus is considered relatively rare, however its number is increasing higher than any other esophageal cancers.




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Sunday, 8 January 2017

Colon Cancer

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Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the body. One defining feature of cancer is the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual margins, and then these abnormal cells can then invade adjacent parts of the body, therefore spread to other organs.
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Sadly, it knows no boundaries. Men, women and children are all at risk. According to the World Cancer Research Fund International, there were just about 12.7 million cancer cases seen in the world in 2008. This number was further divided and showed that about 6.6 million of them were male and 6.0 million female. These startling numbers are estimated to increase up to 21 million by the year 2030.

Breaking down those figures even further, these have been found to be the three most common forms of cancer in both sexes:

Lung - the most common type worldwide contributing nearly 13% of the total number of new cases diagnosed in 2008
Breast (women only) - the second most common type with nearly 1.4 million new cases in 2008
Colorectal - the third most common with over 1.2 million new cases in 2008
Gastrointestinal cancers

In fourth place is stomach cancer, along with others that affect the gastro intestine. It is a disease in which bad cells form in organs involved in digesting food or flushing out waste, counting the stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, colon, and rectum and is classified according to the organ in which it forms as follows:

Stomach (also called gastric cancer) begins in the cells that line the inner layer of the stomach and then grow outward. It is often diagnosed at an highly developed stage, when it can be treated but not so often cured.

Risk factors for developing gastrointestinal cancer

Although not much is known about the causes of many types of gastrointestinal cancer, it is known that the risk factors vary among different types. These include:

Diet: Eating a high-fat diet is a risk factor for small intestine, pancreatic and colorectal cancer. A diet high in salty and smoked foods increases the risk to it as well as a diet high in red meat, processed meats and meats cooked at high temperatures increases risk of colorectal cancer. A diet that includes too few fruits and vegetables increases risk of both colorectal and stomach cancer.

Age: Many types of gastrointestinal cancers increase in frequency as people age.

Cigarettes: Smoking cigarettes increases risk of stomach and pancreatic cancer.

Excessive alcohol use: Excess alcohol increases the risk of liver and colorectal cancer.

Obesity: Being overweight is a risk factor for biliary cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer and pancreatic cancer.

Family history of gastrointestinal cancer: If your parent or sibling has been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal cancer.

Diabetes: Having diabetes increases your risk of pancreatic cancer and liver cancer.

Sedentary lifestyle: Exercising too little increases the risk of pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer.








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Saturday, 7 January 2017

Cervical Cancer

Most common in women over the age of 30, cervical cancer affects the uterine cervix, a part of a woman's reproductive system. The cervix is a passageway that connects the lowest portion of a women's uterus (womb) to the vagina. Cancer begins in cells, which are building blocks that make up tissues. Normal cervical cells in the tissues of the cervix grow and divide to form new cells, as and when the body needs them. These cells have a definite life span.

When normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes, this process goes wrong and new cells form when the body does not need them, and old or damaged cells do not die, as they should. The buildup of such extra cells often forms a mass of tissue called a tumor.

Scientists are not completely sure why cells become cancerous. However, there are some risk factors, which are known to increase the risk of developing cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus is responsible for about 99% of all cervical cancers. There are over 100 different types of HPV, most of which are considered low-risk and do not cause cervical cancer. High-risk HPV types may cause cervical cell abnormalities or cancer. More than 70 percent of cervical cancer cases can be attributed to two types of the virus, HPV-16 and HPV-18, often referred to as high-risk HPV types.

Other risk factors include, multiple sexual partners, becoming sexually active early, smoking, and people with weakened immune system, such as those suffering with HIV/AIDS or transplant recipients on immuno suppressive medications. Certain genetic factors, giving birth at a very young age, multiple pregnancies, long-term use of the contraceptive pill also raises a woman's risk of developing cervical cancer.

Being a silent killer, symptoms of cervical cancer aren't always obvious and it may not cause any symptoms at all until it has reached an advanced stage, where chances of survival are less and the treatment is expensive. Regular screenings are essential to combat this cancer before its spreads.

In most cases, symptoms develop when the cancer becomes invasive and spreads to nearby tissues. When this happens the most common symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding or bleeding between periods. Other symptoms include bleeding after having sex, pain during intercourse, unusual vaginal discharge, leg pain and swelling and low back pain.

If diagnosed at an early stage, treatment is possible using surgery that is removal of uterus. Radiotherapy is an alternative to surgery for some. In some cases it is used alongside surgery. More advanced cases of cervical cancer are usually treated using a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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