Rectal Cancer

The colon is a part of the digestive tract that connects the stomach and small intestine to the anus. The terminal portion of this colon is called the rectum, spanning approximately 12cm in length. About 20% of all cancers that occur in the colon arise in this rectum.

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Bleeding is the most common symptom associated with rectal cancer, occurring in up to 60% of patients. Other frequent symptoms include change in bowel habit, and abdominal pain.

The diagnosis of rectal cancer usually involves colonoscopy, an examination of the colon using an instrument called colonoscope that enables an evaluation of the entire inner lining of the colon including the rectum. Once the diagnosis of cancer is made, the extent of the disease is often determined using a radiologic examination called CT scan. It allows an initial assessment of the extent of spread of cancer. In addition, an endoscopic ultrasound may be helpful in assessing the local spread of cancer. At the same time, routine blood tests including complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests, and a tumor marker called CEA are usually obtained during the initial evaluation.

There are 4 stages of rectal cancer. Rectal cancer is defined as Stage 1, if the cancer tissue is confined to the lining of the rectum. In Stage 2 cancer, the cancer tissue has invaded the layers of rectal wall, and may have invaded nearby organs such as bladder or uterus. In Stage 3 rectal cancer, the cancer tissue has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tiny bean shaped glands of lymphatic system. In Stage 4 cancer, the cancer has spread to other organs such as liver or lung.



The staging of rectal cancer is important since the prognosis of affected individual is highly dependent on the staging of cancer. For example, patients diagnosed with Stage 1 rectal cancer have overall 5-year survival rate of 74%. On the other hand, those diagnosed with stage 4 cancer can only expect 6% survival rate at 5 year.

The treatment of rectal cancer often involves combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Because of the complex anatomy of anal sphincter, there are various surgical techniques that may be utilized to preserve the anal sphincteric function. In addition, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are often administered to shrink the tumor, prior to performing the surgery.

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Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer is the most common cancer among men, and more specifically, it is the second type of cancer that is most deadly among U.S. men. 

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Despondently, aside from the lack of a cure, there is not a sure guide to follow in order to prevent it beyond any doubts, but there are some actions that can be incorporated to daily life that may aid in this prevention. 

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Generally, the best initial approach is for men to learn about the risk factors; men who find themselves with a near-average risk of developing prostate cancer - be it due to advanced age, racial background, diet, and/or family history - must consider making choices in daily life, that is, exercising, having healthier meals, among many other life-changing selections.

Although there is not much substantial evidence to support them, some studies have pointed out that the choice of a diet that is low in saturated fat and high in fruits and vegetables is ideal for maintaining a healthy prostate. 

From a nutritional point of view, this is no surprise, for this type of diet is healthy for the human body in general, and has repeatedly proven to assist men in controlling their weight, and consequently the heart and the cardiovascular system. 

In studies that considered fat association with the risk of having prostate cancer, animal fats were found to be more associated to prostate cancer cases than plant-derived fats. Furthermore, some fish are also associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, more specifically those that have fatty acids (such as the omega-3) that healthily replace saturated fat in any diet. 

Other studies showed that diets containing olive oil, green tea and many vegetables, such as (cooked) tomatoes, soybeans and other legumes, might be linked to a lower risk of prostate cancer, particularly in advanced cases.


Moreover, a physician must always accompany any supplementation to the diet; for example, calcium in excess has been linked to a higher risk of prostate cancer. Men in general must watch out to not exaggerate on their calcium consumption; either in daily meals, or in vitamin supplementation itself, the daily intake should not exceed 1500 mg. 

Also, consumption of any multivitamin is not recommended, since a man on a diet full of vegetables and fruits most likely will never need vitamin supplementation. Tomatoes have also been studied since they are well known to contain lycopenes, which are powerful antioxidants that may help diminishing or extinguishing cell damage, and such studies have shown a decrease in prostate cancer. 

Other antioxidant vitamins, such as selenium and vitamin E have also been the target of many studies, but with no real success or closure to the topic. 

However, eating all the vegetables and fruits in the world will not even come close to removing completely a man's risk of having cancer in his prostate. 

Therefore, men who are currently in one of the risk groups should consider not only these improvements in daily life, but also - and most importantly - should consult a specialized doctor to discuss whether having yearly digital rectal examinations, prostate biopsies, ultrasounds and/or prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood tests are the recommended choices for each individual case. 

Furthermore, a doctor must also be consulted in cases of stress, high blood pressure and cholesterol, and depression, since treating these conditions is of utmost importance for improving survival rates of prostate cancer patients.

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Oral Cancer

Oral cancer includes cancers of the mouth and pharynx. Typically people who are at risk for this type of cancer are those who smoke cigarettes, use chewing tobacco, and drink alcohol. In fact, according to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, "using tobacco plus alcohol poses a much greater risk than using either substance alone." Other risk factors include exposure to the sexually transmitted virus HPV16, age, sun exposure, and diet.

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When you go for your routine dental checkup, your dentist or hygienist will most likely conduct a painless exam. During the exam, your dentist or hygienist will check your face, neck, lips, and entire mouth for possible signs of cancer. Because dental visits are recommended to occur twice a year, these are opportune times to have this exam and have your questions answered about this type of cancer.

However, there are eight symptoms that everyone should know. It should be warned that if you suspect you have a problem, please schedule an appointment with your dentist or doctor immediately. These symptoms include:

1.) A sore, irritation, lump, or think patch in your mouth, lip, or throat 
2.) A white or red patch in your mouth 
3.) A feeling that something is caught in your throat 
4.) Difficulty chewing or swallowing 
5.) Difficulty moving your jaw or tongue 
6.) Numbness in your tongue or other areas in your mouth 
7.) Swelling in your jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly or become uncomfortable 
8.) Pain in one ear without the loss of hearing

One of the real dangers of oral cancer is that in its early stages it can often go unnoticed. In fact, as these growths and cells develop, you may not experience any pain or symptoms. Therefore, it is extremely important that you have routine checkups with your dentist or doctor who are trained to spot these abnormalities in their earliest stages. Like mentioned before, when caught early, oral cancer is extremely treatable. Don't neglect your routine dental visits because you just never know if you may have a serious problem that may treatable if diagnosed in the beginning stages.

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Types of Cancers - Cancer

Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include:

Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. There are a number of subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.

Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.

Leukaemia
a - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.

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Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.
Central nervous system cancers - cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

    


Most common cancers in men and women are:

Bile duct cancer
Blood cancer
Breast cancer
Bladder cancer
Bone cancer
Brain cancer
Cervical cancer 
Colon cancer
Esophageal cancer
Endometrial cancer
Kidney cancer
Lung cancer
Liver cancer
Ovarian cancer
Oral cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Prostate cancer
Rectal cancer
Stomach cancer
Skin cancer
Testicular cancer 
Thyroid cancer
Throat cancer


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