Rectal Cancer

The colon is a part of the digestive tract that connects the stomach and small intestine to the anus. The terminal portion of this colon is called the rectum, spanning approximately 12cm in length. About 20% of all cancers that occur in the colon arise in this rectum.

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Bleeding is the most common symptom associated with rectal cancer, occurring in up to 60% of patients. Other frequent symptoms include change in bowel habit, and abdominal pain.

The diagnosis of rectal cancer usually involves colonoscopy, an examination of the colon using an instrument called colonoscope that enables an evaluation of the entire inner lining of the colon including the rectum. Once the diagnosis of cancer is made, the extent of the disease is often determined using a radiologic examination called CT scan. It allows an initial assessment of the extent of spread of cancer. In addition, an endoscopic ultrasound may be helpful in assessing the local spread of cancer. At the same time, routine blood tests including complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests, and a tumor marker called CEA are usually obtained during the initial evaluation.

There are 4 stages of rectal cancer. Rectal cancer is defined as Stage 1, if the cancer tissue is confined to the lining of the rectum. In Stage 2 cancer, the cancer tissue has invaded the layers of rectal wall, and may have invaded nearby organs such as bladder or uterus. In Stage 3 rectal cancer, the cancer tissue has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tiny bean shaped glands of lymphatic system. In Stage 4 cancer, the cancer has spread to other organs such as liver or lung.



The staging of rectal cancer is important since the prognosis of affected individual is highly dependent on the staging of cancer. For example, patients diagnosed with Stage 1 rectal cancer have overall 5-year survival rate of 74%. On the other hand, those diagnosed with stage 4 cancer can only expect 6% survival rate at 5 year.

The treatment of rectal cancer often involves combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Because of the complex anatomy of anal sphincter, there are various surgical techniques that may be utilized to preserve the anal sphincteric function. In addition, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are often administered to shrink the tumor, prior to performing the surgery.

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Pancreatic Cancer

The pancreas is a gland that is located in the upper abdomen behind the stomach just in front of the spine. It is divided into three main parts, consisting of a head, body and tail, which weighs between 60-140 grams, and measures about 15 cm x 4 cm. Like many of the bodies other organs it is also prone to being infected by cancer; however, unlike certain other cancers it is extremely difficult to detect. 

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The pancreas is a pear-shaped gland behind the stomach and the liver. Cancer in this gland is rare but notably deadly. Symptoms of pancreatic cancer are only seen during the advanced stage of the disease. Moreover, these symptoms are vague and can be easily overlooked or mistook as another ailment. Unknown to some people, the cancer cells have already spread in their system. This is what makes pancreatic cancer one of the most fatal cancers.

There are some few cases where early signs of pancreatic cancer have been observed. Studies revealed that only 4% of the subjects composed of pancreatic cancer patients observed sudden disgust in food they used to like months before actual diagnosis. Only a percentage suffered pancreatitis and about 5% experienced loss of appetite.

Advanced cancer on this gland is characterized by jaundice or the yellowing of the eyes and the skin. The discoloration is caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood which occurs when a tumor blocks the bile ducts. With the blockage of the ducts, there will also be changes in bowel habits. In addition, stools may lose their normal brown color and turn gray. Urine is also darker. Presence of fat in the stools, or steatorrhea, can also be observed. These fatty stools have strong foul odor and tend to float more.

Apart from jaundice, another symptom of pancreatic cancer concerning the skin is itch. Itchy skin is most often attributed to dermatological problems; however, itch coupled with jaundice may already entail severe illness.

If bilirubin increases, insulin in the blood may decrease causing diabetes. Pancreas secretes insulin and though diabetes can be linked to many other disorders, acquiring onset diabetes is suspicious.

Sudden weight loss can also signify pancreatic cancer. Many would appreciate losing weight, but this can actually lead to more sever illnesses. Together with weight loss, abdominal pains are one of the first symptoms of pancreatic cancer. The pains may occur three hours after eating and even when simply lying down. These pains will be more extensive as the tumor grows bigger. In addition, the abdomen may also swell or bloat.

If the disease is left disregarded, other symptoms will also surface. Vomiting, loss of appetite and malaise are signs common to numerous ailments. But the more common symptoms are, the more they should be taken seriously. It is still best to be sure.


For rare pancreatic cancer involving islet cell tumors, other indications included are heavy sweating, facial flushing, reflux and excessive thirst. Islet cell tumors invade the pancreatic cells that are directly producing insulin. This will trigger overproduction of insulin and other hormones and may induce dizziness, chills and recurrent diarrhoea.

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Liver Cancer

Liver cancer symptoms are the most basic parameters confirming presence of cancerous cells and tumours in liver areas. Early signs also prompt a person to carry further diagnosis and help in early identification and tracing of cancerous polyps. 

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One of the best ways of identifying symptoms this at the earliest is to go for regular medical checkups under proper medical prescription and attention.

The liver is the largest internal organ in the body. It is also known as primary liver cancer or hepatoma and hepatocellular carcinoma is a cancer arising from the liver.

The liver performs several vital functions. It processes and stores many of the nutrients absorbed from the intestine. It also makes some of the clotting factors needed to stop bleeding from a cut or injury. 

Hemangioma (he-man-ge-O-muh) is the most common type of benign liver tumor. It starts in blood vessels and Hepatic adenomas are benign tumors that start from the main type of liver cells (hepatocytes). 

Women have a much higher chance of having one of these tumors if they take birth control pills, although this is rare. Stopping the pills can cause the tumor to shrink. Hepatic adenomascancer begins in many spots throughout the liver and is not confined to a single tumor. This is most often seen in people with liver cirrhosis and is the most common pattern seen in the United States.


Hepatic tumors also called Liver cancer. Hepatic tumors is are tumors or growths on or in the liver. There are many forms of liver tumors premary is Malignant. 

Malignant, primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (also named hepatoma, which is a misnomer). These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous). They may be discovered on medical imaging (even for a different reason than the cancer itself). 

Most of the time when cancer is found in the liver, it did not start there but spread to the liver from a cancer that began somewhere else in the body. These tumors are named after the place where they began (primary site) and are further described as metastatic. Symptoms can include a lump or pain on the right side of your abdomen and yellowing of the skin. However, you may not have symptoms and the cancer may not be found until it is advanced.

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Lung Cancer

The most common cause of lung cancer (small cell [SCLC] and non-small cell [NSCLC]) is smoking (SCLC and NSCLC) - including passive (secondhand) smoke. 

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However, other causes may include:

Inhaling harmful fumes (gases such as radon).
Working environments (asbestos factories, carpet mills, firework industries, etc.).
The main reason for the onset of lung cancer is because the lungs are one of the organs most exposed to the external environment, more of than any other organ in the body.

U.K. lung cancer rates have fallen (overall) by 20% since 1975.
2011 annual figures were around 43,500 cases (23,800 men, and 19,700 women).
35,200 moralities (19,600 men, and 15,600 women [same 2011 period]).
Women - 41 in every 100,000 suffer from lung cancer (up from 23 in every 100,000 in 1975).

Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the U.K. (breast cancer being in the number-1 spot).

Lung cancer in now the number-1 cancer killer in the U.K., which kills 50% more sufferers than the second most diagnosed cancer - bowel cancer.

87% of all cases diagnosed can be attributed to smoking.

Less than 90% of sufferers will be alive 5-years after diagnosis.

The north of the U.K. tends to suffer from the highest rate of diagnosed cases, whereas the lowest rates are to be found in the east, south-east, and the south-west of the country.

In Scotland, diagnosed cases among women have almost doubled during the past 40 years.


By using a 3-dimensional cell culture system, scientists have been able to identify a mechanism that allows dormant, metastatic tumor cells (cells that have the ability to spread to other regions of the body) to start growing again, even after many years of inactivity (the dormancy of a tumor becomes proliferative metastatic growth [the rapid growth production of new cells]).




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Kidney Cancer

Kidney cancer is a malignant tumour developed from the kidney cells. Malignant kidney tumours account for 2-5% of malignant cancers in adults. Men are affected twice as often as women. 

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The cause of kidney cancer is unknown, however, some genetic factors and damages of the kidney cell DNA caused by e.g. cigarette smoking, mutagens or environmental factors are taken into consideration. It is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 45, however, recently, the reduction of the age limit of people who are diagnosed with kidney cancer have been observed, which is affected by the growth of influence of the environmental carcinogenic factors, as well as the spread and constant improvement of diagnosing possibilities.

Cancers constitute 85% of kidney tumours. There are many types of kidney cancer. The most common type is a renal cell cancer. Kidney cancer is very dangerous mainly due to the fact that its symptoms occur in a late stage. It can cause the late detection of the tumour change - often in an advanced developing stage. Kidney cancer often develops in a tricky way without causing any disturbing symptoms.

Early detection and correct diagnosis of the ill person require performing some or all the types of examination mentioned below. 

Diagnostic tests which allow to make a diagnosis include: urine test, blood test (morphology, concentration of urea's creatinine), and imaging tests: ultrasound scan of the abdomen, computed tomography scan, alternatively urography (x-ray examination of the ureters after injecting intravenous dye), renal arteriography (the blood vessels examination using dye). 

Magnetic resonance imaging is sometimes used. A kidney biopsy, that is removing cells from the tumour and examining under a microscope whether the tumour contains the tumour cells is not usually performed. Currently, over 80% of kidney cancers are detected incidentally, usually due to an ultrasound scan performed as a standard procedure or due to other ailments. Therefore, advanced cancers of kidney parenchyma rarely occur (they constitute >15%).

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Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer is cancer that forms in the tissue that lines the uterus. 

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The uterus is a small, pear-shaped organ that is located in the lower pelvic area of a woman. The uterus is the organ in a woman’s body where a baby grows.


Science is making progress and learning more about the causes of endometrial cancer. Scientists are exploring new ways to prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat the disease. Research has helped to improve patients’ quality of life and decrease the chance of dying from endometrial cancer – and more progress is being made all the time.

There are several benign conditions of the uterus that often cause great fear in women:
Fibroids: Fibroids do not develop into cancer.

 They grow in the muscle of the uterus. Most often fibroids occur in women who are in their 40s. Fibroids usually just disappear after menopause.


Endometriosis: This is a condition in which endometrial tissue begins to grow on the outside of the uterus and on nearby organs. It most often occurs in women in their 30s and 40s who have never been pregnant. Endometriosis can cause a great many problems, but cancer isn’t one of them.
Endometrial hyperplasia: Heavy menstrual periods, bleeding between periods, and bleeding after menopause are the most common symptoms of hyperplasia. Endometrial hyperplasia is not cancer, but it can develop into cancer.

All problems associated with the uterus are not cancer – the odds are that when you experience problems, it is NOT cancer.










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Types of Cancers - Cancer

Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include:

Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. There are a number of subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.

Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.

Leukaemia
a - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.

http://cancers-list.blogspot.com/

http://cancers-list.blogspot.com/

Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.
Central nervous system cancers - cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

    


Most common cancers in men and women are:

Bile duct cancer
Blood cancer
Breast cancer
Bladder cancer
Bone cancer
Brain cancer
Cervical cancer 
Colon cancer
Esophageal cancer
Endometrial cancer
Kidney cancer
Lung cancer
Liver cancer
Ovarian cancer
Oral cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Prostate cancer
Rectal cancer
Stomach cancer
Skin cancer
Testicular cancer 
Thyroid cancer
Throat cancer


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